Surface superconductivity, wherein electron pairing occurs at material surfaces or interfaces, has attracted a remarkable amount of attention since its discovery. Recent theoretical predictions have unveiled increased critical temperatures, especially at the surfaces of certain compounds and/or structures. The notion of "surface ordering" has been advanced to elucidate this phenomenon. Employing the framework of self-consistent Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations and a model incorporating correlated disorder, our study demonstrates the persistence of the surface ordering effect in the presence of weak to moderate bulk disorder. Intriguingly, our findings indicate that under moderate disorder conditions the surface critical temperature can be further increased, depending on the intensity and correlation of the disorder.
The robot-environment-task triad provides many opportunities to revisit physical problems with fresh eyes. Hence, we develop a simple experiment to observe chaos in classical billiards with a macroscopic 3.38-m long setup. Using a digital video camera, one records the dynamic time evolution of the interaction between a robot and Bunimovich stadium billiards with specular reflection. From the experimental time series, we calculate the Lyapunov exponent [Formula: see text] as a function of a geometric parameter. The results are in concordance with theoretical predictions. In addition, we determine the Poincaré surface of section from the experimental data and check its sensitivity to the initial conditions as a function of time.
BACKGROUND: A key finding underlying the continuum of psychosis concept is the presence of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in healthy subjects. However, it remains uncertain to what extent these experiences are related to the genetic risk for schizophrenia and how far they actually resemble attenuated forms of psychotic symptoms. METHODS: Forty-nine adults with no history of mental illness in first-degree relatives and 59 siblings of patients with schizophrenia were rated on the psychosis section of the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule IV (C DIS-IV) and the Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions (RISC). Those who rated positive on the CDIS-IV were re-interviewed using the lifetime version of the Present State Examination 9th edition (PSE-9) and the Structured interview for Schizotypy (SIS). RESULTS: Seventeen (34.69%) of the non-relatives and 22 (37.29%) of the relatives responded positively to one or more of the psychosis questions on the DIS. This difference was not significant. RISC scores were also similar between the groups. At follow-up interview with the PSE-9, 13/40 PLEs (32.50%) in the non-relatives were classified as possible or probable psychotic symptoms compared to 11/46 (23.91%) in the relatives. Using liberal symptom thresholds, 5 of those who attended the follow-up interview (2 non-relatives and 3 relatives) met SIS criteria for schizotypal personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of PLEs, however considered, do not differ substantially between relatives and non-relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Only a minority of PLEs picked up by screening interviews resemble attenuated forms of psychotic symptoms.
Family , Psychotic Disorders/epidemiology , Psychotic Disorders/psychology , Schizophrenia/epidemiology , Schizophrenic Psychology , Adult , Family/psychology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Interview, Psychological , Male , Phenotype , Psychotic Disorders/genetics , Schizophrenia/genetics , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/epidemiology , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/genetics , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/psychology
BACKGROUND: Relatively few studies have investigated whether relatives of patients with bipolar disorder show brain functional changes, and these have focused on activation changes. Failure of de-activation during cognitive task performance is also seen in the disorder and may have trait-like characteristics since it has been found in euthymia. METHOD: A total of 20 euthymic patients with bipolar disorder, 20 of their unaffected siblings and 40 healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of the n-back working memory task. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was fitted to individual whole-brain maps from each set of patient-relative-matched pair of controls. Clusters of significant difference among the groups were used as regions of interest to compare mean activations/de-activations between them. RESULTS: A single cluster of significant difference among the three groups was found in the whole-brain ANOVA. This was located in the medial prefrontal cortex, a region of task-related de-activation in the healthy controls. Both the patients and their siblings showed significantly reduced de-activation compared with the healthy controls in this region, but the failure was less marked in the relatives. CONCLUSIONS: Failure to de-activate the medial prefrontal cortex in both euthymic bipolar patients and their unaffected siblings adds to evidence for default mode network dysfunction in the disorder, and suggests that it may act as a trait marker.
Bipolar Disorder/physiopathology , Functional Neuroimaging/methods , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Nerve Net/physiopathology , Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology , Adult , Bipolar Disorder/diagnostic imaging , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Nerve Net/diagnostic imaging , Prefrontal Cortex/diagnostic imaging , Siblings
OBJECTIVE: Recently, the DSM-5 has developed a new diagnostic category named "Substance-related and Addictive Disorders". This category includes gambling disorder (GD) as the sole behavioral addiction, but does not include sex addiction (SA). The aim of this study is to investigate whether SA should be classified more closely to other behavioral addictions, via a comparison of the personality characteristics and comorbid psychopathology of individuals with SA with those of individuals with GD, which comes under the category of addiction and related disorders. METHOD: The sample included 59 patients diagnosed with SA, who were compared to 2190 individuals diagnosed with GD and to 93 healthy controls. Assessment measures included the Diagnostic Questionnaire for Pathological Gambling, the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the Symptom CheckList-90 Items-Revised and the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the two clinical groups, except for socio-economic status. Although statistically significant differences were found between both clinical groups and controls for all scales on the SCL-90, no differences were found between the two clinical groups. The results were different for personality characteristics: logistic regression models showed that sex addictive behavior was predicted by a higher education level and by lower scores for TCI-R novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, persistence and self-transcendence. Being employed and lower scores in cooperativeness also tended to predict the presence of sex addiction. CONCLUSIONS: While SA and GD share some psychopathological and personality traits that are not present in healthy controls, there are also some diagnostic-specific characteristics that differentiate between the two clinical groups. These findings may help to increase our knowledge of phenotypes existing in behavioral addictions.
Behavior, Addictive/psychology , Gambling/psychology , Sexual Behavior , Adult , Cooperative Behavior , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Educational Status , Employment , Exploratory Behavior , Female , Harm Reduction , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/complications , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Personality , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires
OBJECTIVE: To describe the process performed in Catalonia (Spain) to design an information system for monitoring new cases of HIV infection. METHODS: A survey was used to evaluate perception of the need for notification of HIV infection by health care professionals (n = 106), as well as their opinions of the various possibilities for the implementation of the notification system. As a result of this evaluation, a specific technical report defining the objectives and technical characteristics of the new notification system was produced. The feasibility of the system in health centres was evaluated through discussions with health care professionals, health authorities and Non-Governmental Organizations, and a second survey was designed to evaluate the use of a personal identification code (PIC) from the individual health card (IHC). This process took plabe between 1998 and 2000. RESULTS: A total of 84.5% of the health care professionals believed that HIV notification should be mandatory and confidential; 90.4%, were of the opinion that notification would enable identification of the epidemiological characteristics of infected individualos, and 75% believed that these individuals would have to be identified by name. Finally, 66% of the health care professionals believed that the use of the PIC from the IHC would be feasible as the personal identifier in HIV notification. A final proposal was draw up and 1 January, 2001 was set as the date to initiate the pilot phase of the new HIV notification system. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the health care professionals surveyed expressed the need for notification of HIV infection, and for such notification to receive institutional endorsement. They also believed that, as with other diseases of individualized mandatory reporting, notification should be carried out with a single personal identifier. The information obtained from notification of HIV infection is essential for the optimal planning of preventive programs and the provision of health services. The main difficulties observed were that HIV infection has not been included among the diseases of mandatory reporting, as well as the low implantation of the PIC in the hospitals' clinical registries. All the sectors involved have an important role to play in creating the conditions necessary for the notification system of new cases of HIV infection to be feasible and useful.
Consensus , Disease Notification , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Feasibility Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Pilot Projects , Spain , Surveys and Questionnaires
Antecedentes y objetivos: Descripción del proceso realizado en Cataluña para diseñar un sistema de información que permita la monitorización de los nuevos diagnósticos de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Proceso y resultados: Mediante una encuesta se evaluó la percepción de necesidad de la notificación de la infección por VIH por parte de los profesionales sanitarios (n = 106), y la opinión y disponibilidad de éstos sobre las diferentes posibilidades de la instauración de la declaración. Como resultado de esta evaluación se elaboró un informe técnico específico que definía los objetivos y las características del nuevo sistema de información. Se evaluó su viabilidad en los centros asistenciales mediante un proceso de discusión con profesionales, autoridades sanitarias y organizaciones no gubernamentales, y se realizó una segunda encuesta para valorar la utilización del código de identificación personal (CIP) de la tarjeta sanitaria individualiza (TSI). Este proceso se realizó de 1998 a 2000.El 84,5 per cent de los profesionales que respondieron a la encuesta opinaban que la notificación del VIH debería ser obligatoria y confidencial; el 90,4 per cent pensaba que la notificación posibilita el conocimiento de las características epidemiológicas de las personas infectadas, y el 75 per cent sugería que la variable de identificación debería ser el nombre. Finalmente, el 66 per cent de los profesionales creía viable la utilización del CIP de la TSI, como identificador personal de la notificación del VIH. Se estableció una propuesta final y se fijó la fecha del 1 de enero de 2001 para iniciar la fase piloto del sistema de notificación de los nuevos diagnósticos de VIH. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los profesionales encuestados manifiesta la necesidad de la notificación de la infección por VIH, de que ésta cuente con respaldo institucional, y que la notificación debería realizarse con un identificador personal único, al igual que las enfermedades de declaración obligatoria individualizada. La información derivada de la notificación de infección es imprescindible para la mejor planificación de las intervenciones preventivas y la provisión de servicios sanitarios. Las principales dificultades observadas son el hecho de que la infección por VIH no se haya incluido entre las enfermedades de declaración obligatoria (EDO), así como la baja implantación del CIP en la historia clínica de los centros hospitalarios. Todos los sectores implicados tienen un importante papel para la construcción del entorno necesario que haga que el sistema de información sobre nuevos diagnósticos de infección por VIH sea posible y de utilidad (AU)
Objective: To describe the process performed in Catalonia (Spain) to design an information system for monitoring new cases of HIV infection. Methods: A survey was used to evaluate perception of the need for notification of HIV infection by health care professionals (n = 106), as well as their opinions of the various possibilities for the implementation of the notification system. As a result of this evaluation, a specific technical report defining the objectives and technical characteristics of the new notification system was produced. The feasibility of the system in health centres was evaluated through discussions with health care professionals, health authorities and Non-Governmental Organizations, and a second survey was designed to evaluate the use of a personal identification code (PIC) from the individual health card (IHC). This process took plabe between 1998 and 2000. Results: A total of 84.5% of the health care professionals believed that HIV notification should be mandatory and confidential; 90.4%, were of the opinion that notification would enable identification of the epidemiological characteristics of infected individualos, and 75% believed that these individuals would have to be identified by name. Finally, 66% of the health care professionals believed that the use of the PIC from the IHC would be feasible as the personal identifier in HIV notification. A final proposal was draw up and 1 January, 2001 was set as the date to initiate the pilot phase of the new HIV notification system. Conclusions: Most of the health care professionals surveyed expressed the need for notification of HIV infection, and for such notification to receive institutional endorsement. They also believed that, as with other diseases of individualized mandatory reporting, notification should be carried out with a single personal identifier. The information obtained from notification of HIV infection is essential for the optimal planning of preventive programs and the provision of health services. The main difficulties observed were that HIV infection has not been included among the diseases of mandatory reporting, as well as the low implantation of the PIC in the hospitals' clinical registries. All the sectors involved have an important role to play in creating the conditions necessary for the notification system of new cases of HIV infection to be feasible and useful (AU)
Male , Female , Humans , Disease Notification , Consensus , Spain , HIV Infections , Pilot Projects , Surveys and Questionnaires , Feasibility Studies
A method is proposed for calculation of irregular field factors on the central beam axis and homogeneous medium for x-ray beams. The irregular field factor is introduced as the ratio of the output of a field with and without blocks on the central beam axis. The algorithm is based on the sector-integration method and the circular field quantities are calculated from in-phantom measurements. These circular field quantities are the output per beam monitor unit for circular fields defined by a hypothetical secondary collimator and reduced to a circular field by blocking. A derivation of the sector-integration equation is given from first principles. As it is shown, the circular field quantities are evaluated from data measured for rectangular, block shaped fields. Such quantities contain all beam components, including photons scattered from the blocks, the block tray, and photons scattered in the phantom. Consequently, the so called primary and secondary beam components are readily incorporated in this approach. Once the circular field quantities have been determined from rectangular field data, the irregular field factors for other geometry can be calculated. Irregular field factors for square, rectangular and circular block-shaped fields were calculated for 6 MV photon beams and compared with measured values. The results agree within 0.7%, even for heavy blocked field cases, i.e., a 40 x 40 cm2 collimator field blocked to a 5 x 5 cm2 field. The method was tested for a particular source to surface distance, depth, phantom composition, and source to block distance. Calculation of irregular field factors in another set up conditions requires the measurement of the appropriate input data.
Photons , Radiometry/methods , Radiotherapy, Conformal/methods , Algorithms , Biophysical Phenomena , Biophysics , Models, Theoretical , Phantoms, Imaging , Water , X-Rays
La infección por el VIH, debido a su impacto devastador, tanto social, económica como demográficamente en amplias zonas del planeta, está teniendo consecuencias sin precedentes a nivel mundial. El Programa de Sida de las Naciones Unidas (UNAIDS) estima que en el mes de diciembre de 1999 el número total de infecciones acumuladas por el VIH/sida era de más de 53 millones. Unos 34 millones de adultos y niños afectados estarían actualmente vivos, siendo el 41 por ciento mujeres. Menos de un 5 por ciento de todos estos casos corresponden a pacientes que viven en los países desarrollados en Europa Occidental y Norteamérica, únicas zonas donde se puede administrar de forma generalizada el tratamiento antirretroviral adecuado. El impacto internacional de esta epidemia queda demostrado por el hecho de que hasta esta fecha se habrían producido casi 19 millones de muertes directamente atribuibles a esta infección, de las cuales unos 4 millones sucedieron en niños. Se estima que sólo durante el año 1999 se habrían infectado unos 5 millones de personas (más de 14.000 casos diarios). En todo el mundo, entre el 75 y el 80 por ciento de las infecciones se han producido por una relación sexual no protegida, y más del 75 por ciento de ellas corresponde a una relación heterosexual. La adquisición del virus por el uso compartido de material de inyección entre los usuarios de drogas por vía parenteral (UDVP) supone sólo entre el 5 y el 10 por ciento del conjunto de infecciones. Entre los niños, más del 90 por ciento de los infectados son hijos de madres VIH positivas y contrajeron el virus en el momento del parto o durante la lactancia. De los 620.000 niños, que se infectaron durante este pasado año, más del 80 por ciento de los casos correspondieron al África Subsahariana.En este capítulo se revisa la evolución de la epidemia en el ámbito mundial, concretamente en España y en Cataluña. Se calcula que en España hay unas 150.000 personas infectadas.Finalmente, se analiza el impacto sanitario que puede tener la infección por el VIH/sida en el siglo XXI (AU)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Male , Child , Humans , Infant, Newborn , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/transmission , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission , Incidence , Prevalence , Spain/epidemiology
A method to predict rectangular field output factors (OFs) of photon open beams for the Saturne 41 linear accelerator has been developed. The procedure is similar to the sector-integration method but the radiotherapy quantities corresponding to circular fields (circular functions) are calculated from one-dimensional OFs. In this case the one-dimensional OFs are defined as rectangular field OFs, where one side remains constant and equal to the maximum field size. The circular quantities are numerically obtained by inversion of the sector-integration equation which relates both the one-dimensional OFs and the circular function. Two one-dimensional OFs were used to take into account the asymmetry between the x and y collimator systems (collimator exchange effect). The resulting pair of circular functions corresponds to the x and y collimator systems, respectively. They contain all the information relative to head, air, and medium (phantom) scatter and, consequently, there is no need to account for the geometry of the head or fitting parameters. Using the sector-integration method, the OFs for any rectangular field can be calculated by integrating the obtained circular functions. To improve results, a procedure is given to account for corner collimators overlapping. Results agree with data to within approximately 0.4% at 6-15 MV photon beams. The proposed method is thus clinically acceptable for routine calculation. Furthermore, the circular function calculation algorithm could be extended to other radiotherapy quantities.
Algorithms , Particle Accelerators , Photons/therapeutic use , Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted , Biophysical Phenomena , Biophysics , Humans , Models, Theoretical , Particle Accelerators/statistics & numerical data , Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted/statistics & numerical data , Reproducibility of Results
The value of immunotherapy (IT) in allergic rhinitis is debated. The results of a retrospective study of 67 patients treated with IT from 1985 to the end of 1995 are reported. Patients were classified as cured, improved, or not improved. Variables such as age, number and type of allergens, improvement, release, duration of evolution, and initial and final IgE levels were analyzed. Response to IT was favorable in 81.1% of cases. Improvement and cure were age-dependent, with the cure rate being significantly higher in patients over 30.
Desensitization, Immunologic , Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Allergens/immunology , Allergens/therapeutic use , Child , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/epidemiology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology , Seasons , Spain/epidemiology , Treatment Outcome
INTRODUCTION: From 1983 to 1994, a total of 86 patients having scaphocephaly were studied and treated in our Craniofacial Unit. The present study involves 60 patients treated between 1988 and 1994 which were operated upon with the same surgical technique and that which is currently being used in our department. The surgical approach and results are analyzed. CLINICAL MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients having scaphocephaly represented 47.51% out of the total 181 children having craniosynostosis and craniofacial synostosis during this period. All of the patients were studied with computerized tomography, with 10 of them having continuous monitoring of their intracranial pressure. All children in this series were treated according to a new surgical technique that achieves an "immediate correction" of the malformation. RESULTS: No patient had abnormal neurological findings and intracranial pressure (ICP) was within normal limits in 0 out of 10 patients having continuous ICP monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: The minimal complications and the excellent cosmetic results have resulted in an optimal surgical technique. The importance of an early diagnosis and surgical treatment of sagittal synostosis is emphasized.
Craniosynostoses/surgery , Craniotomy , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Retrospective Studies
Lysine N6-hydroxylase catalyzes the hydroxylation of the N-terminal amino function of L-lysine at the expense of NADPH and molecular oxygen. The enzyme also requires FAD for its catalytic activity. Unlike other flavoprotein monooxygenases, binding of FAD is rather weak with a Kd of 30 microM at 4 degrees C. The spectral properties of FAD bound to lysine N6-hydroxylase are very similar to free oxidized FAD. In the absence of substrate, the enzyme has an NADPH oxidase activity which results in the generation of hydrogen peroxide. With increasing concentration of L-lysine, the NADPH oxidase activity is enhanced up to 10-fold and the generation of hydrogen peroxide decreases. At the same time, the substrate is hydroxylated. Km values for L-lysine and FAD were determined as 105 microM and 0.7 microM, respectively. Utilizing FAD analogs, we could demonstrate that L-lysine exerts its effector role mostly on the reductive half reaction of the overall catalytic cycle. Prolonged incubation of the enzyme with either 8-chloro- or 8-fluoro-FAD gave rise to a covalently attached flavin which is formed as a result of the nucleophilic attack of a thiolate on the 8-position of the flavin. Several lines of evidence indicate that the reaction takes place in the FAD binding site of the protein. The substrate specificity was investigated using amino acids with various lengths of side chain. L-Lysine and derivatives with similar side chain length are hydroxylated by lysine N6-hydroxylase. Ornithine, the lower homolog of lysine, was not hydroxylated and did not affect the NADPH oxidase activity of the enzyme. On the other hand, homolysine accelerated the rate of NADPH oxidation but was not hydroxylated. Additional requirements for efficient hydroxylation were also investigated using a variety of substrate analogs. From these studies a schematic structure of the active site of the enzyme was deduced. Sequence comparison of the FAD binding site of various flavoproteins revealed possible factors for weak binding of the cofactor in the case of lysine N6-hydroxylase.
Escherichia coli/enzymology , Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/metabolism , Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Binding Sites , Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/analogs & derivatives , Lysine/pharmacology , Molecular Sequence Data , NADP/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Substrate Specificity
Five extracellular chitinases of 20.5, 30, 47, 70, and 92 kDa purified from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces olivaceoviridis ATCC 11238 differed in their sequences at the amino termini of the protein chains. In the native state, the chitinases were found to be resistant to proteolysis by trypsin, papain, and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. The latter produced several fragments of identical molecular mass from chitinases denaturated with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Five proteases were detected in the protein concentrate from the culture filtrate, and two of them showing ability to cleave chitinases in the native state were purified. One, a protease of 42 kDa, released a 30-kDa protein from the 70-kDa chitinase that reacts with anti-30 kDa chitinase antibodies; the other, a protease of 29 kDa, split the 30-kDa chitinase into 20.5-, 18-, and 16-kDa fragments. From these results, it was deduced that the 70-kDa chitinase is the precursor protein of the 30- and 20.5-kDa chitinases.
Chitinases/chemistry , Isoenzymes , Streptomyces/enzymology , Amino Acid Sequence , Chitinases/immunology , Chitinases/isolation & purification , Molecular Sequence Data , Papain/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/isolation & purification , Protein Denaturation , Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism , Trypsin/metabolism
A series of 25 patients undergoing iterative cesarean section under general anesthesia received isoflurane at 0.75% together with a mixture of O2 and N2O at 50% for anesthetic maintenance. The inhalant agent was withdrawn when closing fascia. There was no case of regaining of consciousness during the operations. Uterine contraction was acceptable as evaluated by the surgeon at the end of the operation. Mean hematocrit value was 31.43 (SD 1.27) at 6 hours of operation. Fetal arterial gasometric values and Apgar score at 5 and 10 minutes fell within acceptable limits.
Anesthesia, General , Anesthesia, Obstetrical , Cesarean Section , Isoflurane , Adult , Drug Evaluation , Female , Fetus/drug effects , Humans , Pregnancy
Lysine N6-hydroxylase was isolated as a soluble enzyme from the supernatant after ultrasonication of Escherichia coli strain EN222 which contained the structural gene on a multicopy plasmid (as described by Engelbrecht and Braun in 1986). The apoenzyme prepared by dialysis was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and fast protein liquid chromatography using Superose 12 and Mono Q columns. The molecular mass as determined by gel filtration was 200 kDa and 50 kDa by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme binds 0.79 molecule FAD/50 kDa. The activity of the enzyme is strictly dependent on NADPH. Its properties are similar to other flavoprotein monooxygenases of the EC group 1.14.13.
Escherichia coli/enzymology , Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase/isolation & purification , Amino Acid Sequence , Chromatography , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Hydroxylysine/metabolism , Molecular Sequence Data , Molecular Weight , NADP/metabolism , Oxidation-Reduction , Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase/metabolism
